Summary
European Court of Justice (ECJ), November 15, 2016ECJ 15 November 2016, case C-258/15 (Salaberria Sorondo), Age discrimination
Summary
Directive 2000/78 does not preclude requiring candidates for the position of police officer to be under 35 years of age. The ECJ distinguishes from its judgment in Vital Pérez.
Facts
Mr Salaberria Sorondo was over 35 years old when he challenged a decision by the Basque Police Academy on the grounds that it violated Directive 2000/78 on age discrimination. The decision required candidates applying for the position of police officer to be under 35.
National proceedings
The Basque court stated that it had previously held an upper age limit of 32 for the recruitment of police officers to comply with both Spanish law and the Directive. That previous judgment had taken the ECJ’s 2010 judgment in the Wolf case (C-229/08) into consideration. In that case, the ECJ allowed an age limit of 30 for firemen.
The Basque court also noted that it was aware of the ECJ’s 2014 judgment in the Vital Pérez case (C-416/13). In that judgment, the ECJ held that Directive 2000/78 precludes national legislation that sets the maximum age for recruitment of local police officers at 30 years. The Basque court was not sure whether that judgment, which dealt with an applicant for a position in a Spanish municipal police force, should be applied to the case of Mr Salaberria Sorondo, who applied for a position in the police force of the Autonomous Basque region, which is an ‘integrated’ police force, having the duty to ensure the preservation of public order and safety.
ECJ’s findings
Article 4(1) of Directive 2000/78 provides that “a difference of treatment based on a characteristic related to any of the grounds referred to in Article 1 [of that directive] shall not constitute discrimination where, by reason of the nature of the particular occupational activities concerned or of the context in which they are carried out, such a characteristic constitutes a genuine and determining occupational requirement, provided that the objective is legitimate and the requirement is proportionate”. It is not the ground on which the difference in treatment is based but a characteristic related to that ground which must constitute a genuine and determining occupational requirement. The possession of particular physical capacities is one characteristic relating to age (§32-34).
The duties relating to the protection of people and property, the arrest and guarding of offenders and preventive patrolling may require the use of physical force. The nature of those duties requires a particular level of physical capability insofar as physical inadequacies in the exercise of those duties may have significant consequences not only for the police officers and third parties but also for the maintenance of public order. It follows that the possession of particular physique may be considered to be a genuine and determining occupational requirement for the pursuit of the profession at issue (§34-36).
In Vital Pérez the ECJ held that the concern to ensure the operational capacity and proper functioning of police forces constitutes a legitimate objective within the meaning of Article 4(1) of the Directive (§39).
The duties performed by police officers in the Basque region are more physically demanding than those carried out by municipal police officers. Moreover, the average age of the Basque police force is rising. This requires planning the gradual replacement of older officers by recruiting younger staff, better equipped to take on physically demanding tasks. By contrast, in Vital Pérez, it had not been established that the objective of safeguarding the operational capacity and proper functioning of the local police service made it necessary to maintain within it a particular age structure, which would have required the recruitment exclusively of public servants under 30 years of age (§40-45).
Additionally, the age at which a police officer of the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country is recruited determines the length of time over which he or she is capable of performing physically demanding work. A police officer recruited at the age of 34, when he will have to undergo training for around two years, will be suitable for assignment to those tasks for a maximum of 19 years, that is, until he reaches 55. The recruitment of older staff jeopardises the possibility of assigning a sufficient number of officers to the most physically demanding tasks. Likewise, older officers could not be assigned for a sufficiently long period to those tasks. Lastly, the rational organisation of the police service of the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country requires that a balance is struck between the number of physically demanding posts, not suitable for older police officers, and the number of posts that are less physically demanding, which can be occupied by older police officers (§46-47).
Judgment
Article 2(2) of Council Directive 2000/78, read together with Article 4(1) of that Directive, must be interpreted as not precluding legislation, such as that at issue in the main proceedings, which provides that candidates for posts as police officers who are to perform all the operational duties incumbent on police officers must be under 35 years of age.